The impact of the Economic Occupations of Iranian Dhimmis on the Culture and Civilization of the Abbasid Era

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of History, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of History and Civilization of Islamic Nations, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

3 Department of History and Civilization of Islamic Nations, Faculty of Theology and Religions, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

10.22103/jic.2024.23129.1306

Abstract

With the migration of Muslims to the conquered lands, significant changes occurred in the economic status of the Dhimmis.Considering the role of occupations in economic growth and their impact on the lives of Iranians, especially the Dhimmis, this research examines the economic roles and impacts of various occupations on the lives of Dhimmis during the Abbasid era.Understanding the economic occupations of Dhimmis during the Abbasid era reveals job opportunities in various economic sectors such as agriculture, trade, medicine, writing, ministery and even in the fields of science, industry, and art.The main question is:What impact did the economic occupations of the Dhimmis during the Abbasid era have on the growth and advancement of Islamic civilization during this period? This article tries to describe the precious works and services of this minority in the transfer of science, art and industry to Islamic civilization in the Abbasid era in addition to introducing the people working in these jobs, first by using the descriptive method, relying on the data of library sources and examining historical texts, then, analysing their role, influence and position in the court of the Abbasid caliphs is presented.The findings of this article indicate how necessary and decisive the role and efficiency of the Dhimmis in the economic affairs of Iran in the Abbasid era was.It also shows how the influence of Dhimmis in the court of the Abbasid caliphs had an impact on the economy, culture and transfer of science, art and industry to Islamic civilization in the Abbasid era.

Keywords

References

  1. Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, Ali bin Hussein, (1963), "Al-Aghani", Cairo: Dar al-Thaqafa.  [in Persian]
  2. Al-Dhahabi, Muhammad, (1984), "Siyar A'lam al-Nubala'", edited by Ali Abu Zayd and Ibrahim al-Zaybak, Beirut.  [in Persian]
  3. Al-Dhahabi, Muhammad bin Ahmad, (1984), "Siyar A'lam al-Nubala'", edited by Shu'ayb Arnawut and Saleh al-Samer, Beirut.  [in Persian]
  4. Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, Ahmad, (1930), "Tarikh Baghdad", Cairo: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya.  [in Persian]
  5. Al-Qalqashandi, Ahmad bin Ali, [No Date], "Subh al-A'sha", edited by Muhammad Shams al-Din, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya.  [in Persian]
  6. Al-Qifti, Ali bin Yusuf, (1903), "The History of Wise Men", edited by Lippert, Leipzig.  [in Persian]
  7. Al-Suyuti, Jalal al-Din Abi Bakr, (1959), "Tarikh al-Khulafa", edited by Muhyi al-Din Abd al-Hamid, Egypt: Saadah.  [in Persian]
  8. Al-Tabari, Muhammad bin Jarir, (1869), "The Eyes and Gardens", edited by De Goeje, Leiden.  [in Persian]
  9. Al-Tabari, Muhammad bin Jarir, (2008), "The History of Prophets and Kings", edited by Abu al-Fazl Ibrahim, Beirut: Dar al-Turath.  [in Persian]
  10. Baker, Patricia, (2006), "Islamic Textiles", translated by Mahnaz Shayestehfar, Tehran:Soureh Publications. [in Persian]
  11. Bosworth, Clifford Edmund, (2002), "The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual", translated by Fereydoun Badraei, Tehran: Markaz Bazshenasi Islam va Iran, Baz Publications.  [in Persian]
  12. Cahen, Claude, (1977), "History of Arabs and Islamic Peoples", Beirut: Dar al-Haqiqa.  [in Persian]
  13. Chitsaz, Mohammad Reza, (2000), "The History of Iranian Clothing", Tehran: SAMT Publications.  [in Persian]
  14. Christensen, Arthur Emanuel, (2014), "Iran under the Sassanids", translated by Rashid Yasemi, Tehran: Sadaaye Moaser.  [in Persian]
  15. Daryaei, Touraj, (2014), "The Ancient Civilizations of the Persian Gulf", Tehran: Qoqnoos Publications.  [in Persian]
  16. Daryaei, Touraj, (2020), "The Oxford History of Iran", Tehran: Qoqnoos Publications.  [in Persian]
  17. Dimand, Maurice S. , (1986), "A Handbook of Islamic Art", translated by Fariar, Tehran: Elmi va Farhangi.  [in Persian]
  18. Durant, Will, (2001), "The History of Civilization", translated by Sarami, Payandeh, Taheri, Tehran: Elmi va Farhangi.  [in Persian]
  19. Farmer, Henry George, (1988), "The History of Music in the Middle East and Greater Iran", translated by Behzad Bashi, Tehran: Aghah.  [in Persian]
  20. Faza'ili, Habibollah, (1983), "Atlas of Calligraphy", Isfahan: Mash'al Publications.  [in Persian]
  21. Frye, Richard Nelson, (2006), "The History of Iran from the Emergence", Tehran: Sadaaye Moaser.  [in Persian]
  22. Hake and Tremble, Thomas and Virginia, (2007-2014), "The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers", Springer.  [in Persian]
  23. Hitti, Philip Khuri, (2001), "History of the Arabs", translated by Abolghasem Payandeh, Tehran: Aghah: Elmi va Farhangi Publications.  [in Persian]
  24. Ibrahim Hasan, Hasan, (2013), "The Political History of Islam", translated by Abolghasem Payandeh, Tehran: Badregh Javidan.  [in Persian]
  25. Ibn Abi Usaibia, Muwaffaq al-Din Abi al-Abbas, (1965), "Uyūn al-Anbā' fī Ṭabaqāt al-Aṭibbā'", edited by Dr.  Nizar Rida, Beirut: Dar al-Maktaba al-Hayat.  [in Persian]
  26. Ibn Athir, Ezz al-Din Ali bin Muhammad, (2006), "Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh", Beirut: Dar Saer.  [in Persian]
  27. Ibn Esfandiyar, Muhammad, (1941), "The History of Tabaristan", edited by Abbas Iqbal, Tehran: Abbas Iqbal.  [in Persian]
  28. Ibn Imad Hanbali, Abd al-Hayy, (1986), "Shadharat al-Dhahab", Damascus: Dar Ibn Kathir.  [in Persian]
  29. Ibn Jawzi, Abu al-Faraj, (1978), "Al-Muntazam fi Tarikh al-Muluk wal-Umam", Deccan: Matba'a Dar al-Ma'arif al-Othmaniyya.  [in Persian]
  30. Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman, (1996), "The Muqaddimah", edited by Mohammad Parvin Gonabadi, Tehran: Elmi va Farhangi.  [in Persian]
  31. Ibn Khallikan, Abu al-Abbas, (1988), "Wafayat al-A'yan", edited by Muhammad Muhyi al-Din Abd al-Hamid, Egypt: Al-Saadah.  [in Persian]
  32. Ibn Khallikan, Yahya bin Aktham, (1968-1977), "Wafayat al-A'yan", Beirut: Ihsan Abbas.  [in Persian]
  33. Ibn Umrani, Muhammad bin Ali, (1984), "Al-Anba' fi Tarikh al-Khulafa'", edited by Taqi Binesh, Mashhad.  [in Persian]
  34. Ibn al-Ibri, Abu al-Faraj, (1985), "Mukhtasar al-Duwal", Beirut: Al-Matba'a al-Katholikiya.  [in Persian]
  35. Ibn al-Nadim, Muhammad bin Ishaq, (1971), "Al-Fihrist", edited by Reza Tajaddod, Tehran.  [in Persian]
  36. Ibn al-Nadim, Muhammad bin Ishaq, (1987), "Al-Fihrist", edited by Reza Tajaddod, Tehran: Amir Kabir.  [in Persian]
  37. Jahiz, Amr bin Bahr, (1914), "Al-Taj fi Akhlaq al-Muluk", edited by Ahmad Zaki, Cairo: Al-Matba'a al-Amiriya.  [in Persian]
  38. Jahshiyari, Muhammad bin Abdus, (1969), "Al-Wuzara' wal-Kuttab", translated by Abu al-Fazl Tabatabai, Tehran: [No Publisher].  [in Persian]
  39. Lewis, Bernard, and Holt, P.  M. , eds.  "The Cambridge History of Islam" Vol 1.  Cambridge University Press, 1970.  p.  151.  [in English]
  40. Lombard, Maurice, (1977), "Islam at its First Greatness", translated by Yasin al-Hafez, Beirut: Dar al-Tali'a.  [in Persian]
  41. Loqari, Fazl bin Muhammad, (1994), "Bayan al-Haqq bi-Dhaman al-Sidq al-Ilmi al-Ilahi", Tehran: Ebrahim Dibaji.  [in Persian]
  42. Lucas, Henry, "History of Civilization", translated by Abdolhossein Azarang,Tehran:Sokhan Publications. [inPersian]
  43. Marzabani, Mohammad bin Imran, (2000/1960), "Ma'jam al-Shu'ara", edited by Abdul-Tar Ahmed Faraj, Cairo.  [in Persian]
  44. Masudi, Ali bin Hussein, (1989), "Muruj al-Dhahab wa Ma'adin al-Jawhar", edited by Asaad Daghir, Qom: Dar al-Hijra.  [in Persian]
  45. Mashhoon, Hasan, (1994), "The History of Iranian Music", Tehran: Simorgh.  [in Persian]
  46. Metz, Adam, (2008/1967), "Islamic Civilization", translated by Abu Rida, Beirut: Dar al-Kitab al-Arabi.  [in Persian]
  47. Michel, Andre, Henry Laurent, (2002), "Islam and Islamic Civilization", translated by Hasan Faroughi, Tehran: SAMT.  [in Persian]
  48. Modarres Tabrizi, Mohammad Ali, (1990), "Rayhana al-Adab", Tehran.  [in Persian]
  49. Modarres Tabrizi, Mohammad Ali, (2016), "Rayhana al-Adab", Qom: Imam Sadiq Institute.  [in Persian]
  50. Mohammadi, Mohammad, (1993), "The History and Culture of Iran During the Period", Tehran: Yazdan Publications.  [in Persian]
  51. Muqaddasi, Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Ahmad, (1906), "Ahsan al-Taqasim fi Ma'rifat al-Aqalim", Leiden, Brill Printing.  [in Persian]
  52. Muqaddasi, Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Ahmad, (1982), "Ahsan al-Taqasim fi Ma'rifat al-Aqalim", translated by Ali Naqi Monzavi, [No Place]: Iranian Authors and Translators Company.  [in Persian]
  53. Nizami, Ahmad bin Umar, [No Date], "The Four Essays", Tehran: Offset; Leiden.  [in Persian]
  54. Pirnia (Mashir al-Dawla), Hasan, (1933), "The History of Ancient Iran", Tehran: Bank Melli Publications.  [in Persian]
  55. Ravandi, Morteza, (2022), "The Social History of Iran", Tehran: Ketab Company.  [in Persian]
  56. Sa'id Andalusi, (1997), "The Global History of Sciences and Scholars up to the Fifth Century AH", Tehran: Jamsheed Nejad Publications.  [in Persian]
  57. Safa, Zabihollah, (1977), "The History of Persian Literature", Tehran: Ferdows Publications.  [in Persian]
  58. Taqoush, Mohammad Sohail, (2011), "The Abbasid State", translated by Hoja'ullah Joudaki, Qom: Research Institute for Hawzah and University.  [in Persian]
  59. Tha'alibi, Abu Mansur, "Thimar al-Qulub fi al-Mudaf wa al-Mansub", translated by Anzayi Nejad, Mashhad: Ferdowsi University.  [in Persian]
  60. Todd, Louis Paul, Kenneth S.  Cooper, Clarence W.  Sorenson, (1963), "The Evolution of Civilization", translated by Hashem Razi and Majid Razi, Tehran: Asia.  [in Persian]
  61. Velayati, Ali, (2011), "Creators of Islamic Culture and Civilization and Native Iran", Tehran: Amir Kabir Publications.  [in Persian]
  62. Zarrinkoub, Abdolhossein, (1957), "Two Centuries of Silence", Tehran: Ahmad Alam Publications.  [in Persian]
  63. Zaydan, Jurji, (2010), "History of Islamic Civilization", translated by Ali Jawaherkalam, Tehran: Amir Kabir.  [in Persian]

     Articles:

  1. Amin, Seyyed Hassan, (2000), "International Relations of Islam and Christianity", Quarterly Journal of Public Law Research, No.  [in Persian]
  2. Dehghan Hesampour, Mehdi, (2011), "Analytical Review of the Social Status of Christians in the Fourth Century", Quarterly Journal of History in the Mirror of Research, No.  [in Persian]
  3. Delbari, Shahrbanoo, (2005), "A Review of the Status of Christians in Iran (1st to 4th Century)", Quarterly Journal of History in the Mirror of Research, No.  [in Persian]
  4. Moradi, Ali, (2009), "The History of Navigation in the Persian Gulf", Journal of Persian Gulf Studies, Bushehr: Persian Gulf University, No.  [in Persian]
  5. Nazimian Fard, Ali, (2017), "The Abbasids and the Employment of Dhimmis", Quarterly Journal of Islamic History Studies, No.  [in Persian]

Orouji, Fatemeh, (2013), "The Role of Religious Minorities in the Economic Life of the Buyids", Iranian Post-Islamic History Journal, No.  6.  [in Pe

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics